The Pioneer Fund provided substantial grants to the physicist. He also became a close colleague and confidant of the neo-Nazi Carleton Putnam, who even recommended that some of his own Pioneer Fund money go to Shockley in his war against both blacks and Jews. Funds were given to Shockley personally and to Stanford University to further his research. Shockley organized a nonprofit publicity foundation, the Foundation for Research and Education on Eugenics and Dysgenics, to launder these funds “to further public understanding” (Tucker 2002, 145).
