the early 1930s, Carl Brigham and Lewis Terman had also begun questioning the validity of IQ testing. In 1930, Brigham denounced his views on the intellectual superiority of the “Nordic Race” and disowned the findings of his 1923 book on the U.S. army IQ tests and American intelligence (Brigham 1930; Barkan 1992; Gould 1996). Terman found Nazi racial policies to be “beneath contempt” and became a strong supporter of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s liberal New Deal politics, the welfare state, and the civil rights movement (Zenderland 1998).
