And Spiro (2009, 227) further points out: “Like his colleagues, Grant bolstered his argument for Nordic superiority by referring to the army intelligence tests and the testimony of Harry H. Laughlin, and thus the circle was complete: Grant cited Laughlin, who had based his analysis on Brigham’s statistics, which were in turn based on Grant’s calculations of the racial composition of the European population. What seemed … to be a plethora of independent studies by reputable scientists was actually a series of self-referential claims that, like the worm Ouroboros, constantly fed upon itself.”
