One such operation occurred after the CIA infiltrated A. Q. Khan’s nuclear supply network around 2000 and began inserting doctored parts into components headed to Iran and Libya—where Khan had also begun peddling his illicit nuclear services. A weapons expert at Los Alamos National Laboratory worked with the CIA to alter a series of vacuum pumps so that they would malfunction at random intervals. As with the operation against the Soviets, the plan was to sabotage the parts so subtly that they would work fine for a little while before breaking down in such a way that it would be difficult to
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