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June 11, 2019 - February 8, 2021
Averages
Quetelet and the Arithmetical Mean
The Mean
THE MEDIAN
Does it Matter Which Statistical Average is Used?
Misleading With Statistics
Data Management Procedures
Tabulation – simply entering data in long columns of numbers.
Creating pie charts and various diagrams.
Reducing the data to create smal...
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Standardized Frequency Distributions
Samples vs. Populations
RANDOM
SYSTEMATIC
INCIDENTAL
Purposive
Stratified
The Histogram
Frequency Distributions
The Method of Moments
Natural Selection: the Changing Shapes of Darwinian Distributions
The Peppered Moth
The Pearsonian Family of Curves
Statistical Measures of Variation
The semi-interquartile range
The Interquartile Range
The Standard Deviation
The standard deviation is a measure of variation. It indicates how widely or closely spread the values are in a set of a data, and shows how much each of these individual values deviate from the average (i.e. the mean).
The variance is also a measure of variation, but it is used for random variables and indicates the extent to which its values are spread around the expected values.*
Coefficient of Variation
Pearson came up with his new method by expressing the standard deviation as a percentage of the arithmetic mean.
The coefficient of variation is a relative measure of variation, whereas the standard deviation is an absolute measure of variation.
Comparing Variation of Variables
Practical Applications
Pearson’s Scales of Measurement
Nominal and Ordinal Variables
Ratio and Interval
Ratio scales
Interval scales
Correlation
Early Uses of Correlation
Causation and Spurious Correlation
Path Analysis and Causation
Scatter Diagrams
Weldon and Negative Correlation
Curvilinear Relationships
Galton and Biological Regression
Regression to the Mean
Galton’s Two Regression Lines
George Udny Yule and the Method of Least Squares
