In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, as the schools of law were solidifying into their guild-like form, a number of Sufi masters emerged whose teachings attracted wide attention. Among them were a Hanbali scholar in Baghdad, renowned for his piety, named ‘Abd al-Qadir Jilani; a Moroccan saint who settled in Egypt, Abu Hasan Shadhili; and the Bukharan Baha’ al-Din Naqshband, who gathered together the wisdom of Persia’s Sufi masters.
