For example, consider the (unusually simple) consequentialist theory of hedonism. This theory states, roughly, that all and only pleasure has value, and all and only pain has disvalue.4 Even if we placed all our moral chips on this one theory, and the theory turned out to be right, a great many questions would remain open. Should “higher pleasures” be given priority over “lower pleasures,” as John Stuart Mill argued? How should the intensity and duration of a pleasure be factored in? Can pains and pleasures cancel each other out? What kinds of brain states are associated with morally relevant
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