The need for a close alliance between the Russian revolution and Imperial Germany, he argued, arose out of the twisted logic of history itself. History had by 1918 ‘taken such a peculiar course that it has given birth . . . to two unconnected halves of socialism existing side by side, like two future chickens in the single shell of international imperialism’. Brought together by the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, Soviet Russia and Imperial Germany were those twin chickens.