Their modern-day nemesis was Gary Marcus, a professor emeritus of psychology and neural science at New York University, who would testify in Congress next to Sam Altman in May 2023. Four years earlier, Marcus coauthored a book called Rebooting AI, asserting that these issues were inherent to deep learning. Forever stuck in the realm of correlations, neural networks would never, with any amount of data or compute, be able to understand causal relationships—why things are the way they are—and thus perform causal reasoning.
