For example, Gödel, whose theorem ruled out the possibility of definitively banishing contradiction from arithmetic, was also worried about the Constitution, which he was studying in preparation for his 1948 U.S. citizenship test. In his view, the document contained a contradiction that could allow a Fascist dictatorship to take over the country in a perfectly constitutional manner. Gödel’s friends Albert Einstein and Oskar Morgenstern begged him to avoid this matter in his exam, but, as Morgenstern recalls it, the conversation ended up going like this: The examiner: Now, Mr. Gödel, where do
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