Mrs. Vender’s classroom periods are bright and interesting; most of her pupils think she is a good teacher. They do not get on very well with the subject, but they believe that is just because it is so difficult. Mrs. Vender, too, firmly believes that she is a good teacher; she thinks that only the jealousy of less competent teachers above her in the hierarchy bars her from promotion. So she enjoys a permanent, pleasant glow of self-righteousness. Mrs. Vender is Substituting. Her technique is not uncommon, and it may be employed consciously or unconsciously. The rule is: for achieving personal
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