In 1277, just three years after Aquinas’ death, many of his doctrines were denounced as heretical by both the Bishop of Paris and the Archbishop of Canterbury. The universities of Paris and Oxford banned much of his teaching. Yet within forty years Pope John XXII had made Thomas into a saint. The shifting fortunes of Aquinas following his death, journeying from heretic to saint within half a century, reveal the difficulties faced in interweaving pagan philosophy and Christian theology.
