Cybernetics and von Bertalanffy’s General Systems Theory became, in turn, the progenitors of modern systems biology, that quintessentially twenty-first-century science concerned with networks that depict the flow of matter and information among the parts of which living things are composed. The systems biologist B.Ø. Palsson puts it like this: ‘components come and go, therefore a key feature of living systems is how their components are connected together. The interconnections between cells and cellular components define the essence of a living process.’ Remove the reference to cells and
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