(The Nobel awards include no category for evolutionary studies. Only twice has a prize been given for work in evolutionary biology, each time by nuancing the definition of medicine to include work with legitimate consequences for health, but scarcely in the mainstream of medical research—first to Lorenz, Tinbergen, and von Frisch, for foundational studies in ethology, and second to my dear colleagues Ed Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, and Eric Wieschaus for unlocking the genetic basis of fundamental architectures in animal development.)
