Its defense, he argued, should draw instead on what the islands did have in abundance: the courage that his father had seen all those years ago in the eyes of the Philippine people. To Quezon, the younger MacArthur proposed a Philippine army modeled after Switzerland’s: a small standing force of about a thousand officers and ten times as many enlisted men who would see their ranks swell in time of war thanks to the compulsory military training civilians would receive at camps established across the archipelago. If forty thousand men passed through these camps each year, the Philippines would
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