complexity leads to fragility, in which any of innumerable nodal points under attack can disrupt a system as a whole. We may be able to more easily predict the second- and third-order effects of a nuclear weapon being detonated in a war than we can predict the effects of a massive cyber conflict, in which redlines have yet to be clearly delineated. We don’t even know the limits of cyber and information warfare, enhanced by artificial intelligence, which conceivably could do far more damage in different ways than a nuclear exchange.
