There was, however, a vibrant underground scene and black market for jazz, and bootleg recordings from radio stations (recorded on x-ray sheets) were popular. Voice of America and the BBC were jammed, but resourceful fans found ways around that, and Radio Iran, Radio Luxembourg, and others had jazz programs that could be accessed. Red and Hot, by S. Frederick Starr, is an excellent history of jazz in the Soviet Union, and the website https://www.x-rayaudio.com has plenty of information on “bone music” for readers who wish to explore further.
