Astoria: John Jacob Astor and Thomas Jefferson's Lost Pacific Empire: A Story of Wealth, Ambition, and Survival

by Peter Stark

Astor had sent a total of about 140 men to the mouth of the Columbia, between the Tonquin, the Beaver, the Lark, and Hunt’s Overland Party. Of these, at least sixty-one, or over 41 percent, died in a gruesome spectrum of violent deaths.