Quantum Supremacy: How the Quantum Computer Revolution Will Change Everything

by Michio Kaku

Shor’s algorithm starts with these standard techniques known to classical mathematicians to factorize an arbitrary number. Then, toward the end of the process, one performs what is called a Fourier transform.

This problem of security is also leading to a new technology called quantum key distribution (QKD),

but Google estimates that a million-qubit processor may be attainable within ten years.

If you are not allowed to cut the rope, then no matter how hard you try, the knot cannot be removed. The topology of the rope (the shape, in this case the knot) cannot be changed by any manipulation besides cutting it.

The origin of life is perhaps one of the greatest mysteries of all time.

But all of a sudden, breakthroughs were being made by quantum physicists using advanced calculus.

One person who was deeply influenced by all this is Francis

Collins, the former director of the National Institutes of Health.

yet remarkably, with all our advances in science, biologists are still not precisely sure how this vital process occurs.

How do plants capture the energy of photons of light in the first place?

cleanly, the electricity originally comes from polluting oil power plants. So there is currently a hidden cost to using electric batteries.

it’s a question of economics, that is, whether industry and government will get behind recycling CO2 given its cost.

The reason is that the nitrogen we breathe in the air is actually N2,

In 1799, Alessandro Volta built the first battery and showed that he could create a chemical reaction to reproduce this effect.

claimed, occurred mainly through large droplets due to coughing and sneezing. It is now believed that this was probably incorrect.

particles after a sneeze, for example, can carry the virus twenty feet or more.

simply by talking. Sitting next to people who are singing, chanting, and speaking loudly indoors for more than fifteen minutes is one way to accelerate the spread of the virus.

So, in other words, in order to remain in circulation many viruses evolve so they become more infectious, but less lethal. So perhaps we will

just have to learn to live with the Covid virus, except in less lethal form.

At the most fundamental level, cancer

is a disease of our genes, but it can be triggered by environmental poisons, radiation, and other factors—or just plain bad luck. In fact, cancer is not one disease at all, but thousands of different

This is called apoptosis.

was given to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna in 2020 for their pioneering work in perfecting this revolutionary technology.

robots would pass the Turing test.

Then the computer figures out by itself what a cat looks like in different environments by trial and error. This is called deep learning.

quantum computers compute on a huge array of qubits at the same time, thereby magnifying their power exponentially.

Proteins are the workhorses of biology.

Then the cell dies, releasing these deadly viruses to infect even more healthy lung cells. These spikes are the reason why the world economy

That is, the way in which proteins do their job is determined by their structure.

The simplest ongoing example is the work of scientists trying to find ways to break down the 150 million tons of soda bottles found in oceans,

in waste dumps, and in your backyard.

One promising avenue is to understand the nature of prions, which are potentially linked to a host of incurable

In humans, there is an exotic disease called kuru

Stanley B. Prusiner of the University of California at San Francisco went against the tide of conventional medical

thinking by concluding that all this was evidence of a new type of disease. In 1982, he announced that he had purified and isolated the protein causing this disease. In 1997, he won the Nobel Prize in

Physiology or Medicine for the discov...

People with a mutation in the APOE4 gene

(Thankfully, my test was negative.)

Unfortunately, the root cause of Alzheimer’s is unknown.

One of the earliest known tales, which predates parts of the Bible, is the Epic of Gilgamesh,

Hayflick limit.

biogerontology, the science of aging,

public, especially the latest dietary fad.

cap, called a t...

In other words, if you eat 30 percent fewer calories, you can live roughly 30

percent longer, depending on the animal being studied. This

Resveratrol is found in red wine. (This

How does caloric restriction repair the molecular damage

there are four proteins (now called Yamanaka factors)

that can perform the reprogramming process.