Between 1652 and 1699, the Dutch exchanged 36,000 sheep and 16,000 cattle from the Khoi-Khoi for items such as beads, copper, tobacco, and alcohol.[16] These exchanges were highly unequal which devastated the Khoi-Khoi people. The cattle they bartered away were the core of their socioeconomic systems, and without them, their clan autonomy was destroyed.[17]
