the rioters shouting ‘Hep hep!’ as they went about their dirty business beneath the impassive gaze of spectators. Students explained that the slogan stood for a cry thought to have been shouted during the Judaeophobic slaughters of the first Crusade: ‘Hierosolyma est perdita’ – Jerusalem is lost – which could be taken either as perdition to the Jews or as the determination to retake the holy city. In the Christian revivalist fervour of Romantic Germany, the slogan had a sinister medieval echo.
