But to some segregationists, there was no distant future in which integration would occur, because they decided to close schools entirely. Led by Virginia senator Harry Byrd, some states engaged in a movement they deemed “Massive Resistance.” They started by passing state laws that penalized schools that integrated, removed their funding, and closed public schools that dared a desegregation attempt. Some states gave out private school tuition vouchers so white parents who opposed integration could send their child to a private religious school. They established “pupil placement boards” that
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