Legalized and customary racial segregation went hand in hand with commercialization. Four of the five major bowl-game classics were hosted by cities in the Jim Crow South: Dallas, El Paso, New Orleans, and Miami, which heightened southern influence on the business of college football. If immigrant working-class politics shaped the culture of northern arenas like Madison Square Garden, in the Jim Crow South, the stadium became a major theater for staging the South’s commitment to white supremacy.
