Carpenter and Symonds were also influenced by Whitman’s conflation of sexual freedom and citizenship. Symonds’s first major work, privately printed in 1883, was a historical analysis of same-sex male love titled A Problem in Greek Ethics. It was followed by a contemporary political analysis, A Problem in Modern Ethics, in 1891. As a critic, Symonds was interested in manifestations of same-sex desire in classical art and literature and how they could be used to argue for personal freedom under the law. Along with Symonds’s work, Edward Carpenter’s 1894 pamphlet Homogenic Love and Its Place in a
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