Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5 Billion-Year History of the Human Body

by Neil Shubin

Teeth not only herald a whole new way of living, they reveal the origin of a whole new way of making organs. Teeth develop by an interaction of two layers of tissue in our developing skin. Basically, two layers approach each other, cells divide, and the layers change shape and make proteins. The outer layer spits out the molecular precursors of enamel, the inner layer the dentine and pulp of the inside of the tooth. Over time, the structure of the tooth is laid down, then tweaked to make the patterns of cusps and troughs that distinguish each species. The key to tooth development is that an interaction between these two layers of tissue, an outer sheet of cells and an inner loose layer of cells, causes the tissue to fold and makes both layers secrete the molecules that build the organ. It turns out that exactly the same process underlies the development of all the structures that develop within skin: scales, hair, feathers, sweat glands, even mammary glands. In each case, two layers come together, fold, and secrete proteins. Indeed, the batteries of the major genetic switches that are active in this process in each kind of tissue are largely similar. This example is akin to making a new factory or assembly process. Once plastic injection was invented, it was used in making everything from car parts to yo-yos. Teeth are no different. Once the process that makes teeth came into being, it was modified to make the diverse kinds of organs that lie within skin. We saw this taken...