Among Protestants, Luther envisaged the two kingdoms as two divinely appointed instruments for dealing with temporal and spiritual matters, though his views oscillated on how much magistrates should interfere in church matters. Anabaptist theologians advocated the partition of Church and State and stressed the separation of the Church from the realm and reach of the State. The Reformed churches developed the notion of clergy and magistrates as mutually disciplining one another. Such a view might have sounded good, but it became problematic after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which led to
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