in 2012. A Stanford AI professor named Fei-Fei Li had created an annual challenge for academics called ImageNet, to which researchers submitted AI models that tried to visually recognize images of cats, furniture, cars, and more. That year, scientist Geoffrey Hinton’s team of researchers used deep learning to create a model that was far more accurate than anything before, and their results stunned the AI field. Suddenly everybody wanted to hire experts in this deep-learning AI theory inspired by how the brain recognized patterns.