Women who work part-time temporarily, so that they can spend a few hours a day with their children in their youngest years, are penalized permanently. A 1993 study of graduates of the University of Michigan Law School found a significant earning gap between men and women who started out with similar qualifications. The single largest factor explaining the gap was a period of part-time work, which had an impact on salary even years later, after the women had returned to full-time work.

