It is only volitional actions—such as attention (manasikāra), will (chanda), determination (adhimokkha), confidence (saddhā), concentration (samādhi), wisdom (paññā), energy (viriya), desire (rāga), repugnance or hate (paṭigha) ignorance (avijjā), conceit (māna), idea of self (sakkāya-diṭṭhi) etc.—that can produce karmic effects.
