Most dharmic systems came to accept that the entrenched misunderstanding of ourselves and the world is avidya (false knowledge), which gives rise to ruinous views which in turn give rise to destructive and addictive habits ('kleshas') – all of which are the root cause of misery. The superimposition of the mind's prior conditioning and context in order to construct one's perceptions is referred to as 'nama-rupa' (name-form). Nama-rupa is the result of memory traces ('samskaras'), which in turn are the byproducts of past impressions of wilful actions.
