The emergent racial difficulties in the North eventually quieted down, in the eyes of whites, thus requiring less attention. This “quieting down” was, as Massey and Denton outline, simply earlier racial violence giving way to more “civilized” forms of maintaining advantage and segregation, such as the formation of neighborhood “improvement” associations, zoning restrictions, the preemptive purchase of property that African Americans might buy, redlining, racial steering, and restrictive covenants.69
