The Dunning-Kruger effect is named for David Dunning and Justin Kruger of Cornell University, who did studies on people attempting to learn new skills. Whenever a person tries something new, be it skiing, juggling, playing the flute, riding a horse, meditating, writing a book, painting a picture, or anything else, it is part of human nature to think it will be simple to master. Dunning and Kruger’s results, published in the December 1999 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, stated, “Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge.” In other words, you’re not aware that
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