Locke thought he could leave it open whether it is an immaterial ‘thing’ (a ghost) within us that does the thinking, or whether it is the physical system itself, since God can superadd thought to anything he likes. But he is abundantly clear that it takes a mind to make a mind. It takes a special dispensation: thought cannot arise naturally (or, as Leibniz has it, in a rationally explicable way) from matter. For unthinking particles of matter, however put together, can have nothing thereby added to them, but a new relation of position, which it is impossible should give thought and knowledge
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