With few exceptions, the closest Nietzsche’s philosophy came to the academy was in the form of goods smuggled into the lecture hall. Charles Bakewell, a newly minted Harvard philosophy Ph. D. who had studied under William James, Josiah Royce, and George Santayana,19 later recalled his days as a postdoctoral student at the University of Berlin: “It was quite the usual thing to observe the German student enter the class room with a small volume under his arm, which he would open whenever the lecture failed to interest him. In every case, it was a volume of Nietzsche.”
