George Santayana, Harvard philosopher and former doctoral student of Josiah Royce’s, turned Nietzsche-bashing and anti-German sentiment into an art form in his 1916 study, Egotism in German Philosophy. Although his book was published during wartime, Santayana said that it was the “fruit of a long gestation.”63 A Spanish-born Catholic atheist, Santayana identified himself “as an outsider” who had “chafed for years under the pressure of a prim, academic idealism,” a subjective “egotism,” which he believed derived from German intellectual history and had thoroughly saturated American thought and
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