For Nietzsche, even a belief that is necessary for life may be false: just because one cannot bear the idea that God does not exist does not give God the right to exist.83 Kaufmann, likewise, contended that Nietzsche differed from the pragmatists, for even though he too held that “the intellect is an instrument, its figments should be frankly labeled as fictions.” Indeed for Nietzsche, “‘appearance, error, deception, dissimulation, delusion, self-delusion’ all aid life; life ‘has always shown itself to be on the side of the most unscrupulous polytropoi.’”84 In this regard, Kaufmann deemed
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