For Nietzsche, neither comfort in the world, nor sheer survival, were the endgames. Both versions of adapting to the environment—whether passively, in a Darwinian sense, or actively, in a Jamesian sense—were equally flawed, for both required that man remain a supplicant to the whims of a dynamic universe indifferent to his existence. Nietzsche maintained that creating meaning should never be a collaborative project. In a world without any universal confirmation of human values, the higher man alone must become his own legislator of values. According to Kaufmann’s Nietzsche, sickness and
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