In On to Tokyo, an instructional film produced by the War Department after Germany had been defeated and the Nazi concentration camps exposed, General George C. Marshall, the chief of staff of the U.S. Army, took care to emphasize that the “barbarism” of the Japanese “has even exceeded that of the Germans.” In the War Department’s Know Your Enemy—Japan, which was released only weeks before surrender, the Japanese were relentlessly depicted as a people devoid of individuality, as alike as “photographic prints off the same negative.”17
