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we cannot simply agree with the idea that a shift from politics to piety took place, as described by Neusner and his followers in relation to the time of Hillel, and then transfer such a shift from this period to the time after 135. It is likely that the two ‘houses’ of Hillel and Shammai already represented two alternative ways of being Pharisees. Both were concerned with Israel’s liberation, and with the maintenance of purity on the part of those committed to this cause. But the former was happier to leave the issue to Israel’s god, and the latter eager to become the zealous agent of the
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