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Kindle Notes & Highlights
Most hypotheses can be expressed in terms of two variables: a proposed cause and a proposed outcome.
The only way that nominal data can be used is to consider frequencies.
in any situation in which we ask people to rate something subjective (e.g., their preference for a product, their confidence about an answer, how much they have understood some medical instructions) we should probably regard these data as ordinal, although many scientists do not.
To say that data are interval, we must be certain that equal intervals on the scale represent equal differences in the property being measured.
correlational research tells us nothing about the causal influence of variables.
