Men of intellect and science, and not only Jews, fled. Einstein, Freud, Carnap, and the surviving members of the Vienna Circle; philosophers Ernst Cassirer and Walter Benjamin; conductors Otto Klemperer, Arturo Toscanini, and Bruno Walter; physicists Enrico Fermi and Leó Szilárd: These are only the best known. A curtain of intellectual darkness had descended across the heart of Europe.
