Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea

by Charles Seife

Pythagoras’s doctrine became the centerpiece of Western philosophy: all the universe was governed by ratios and shapes; the planets moved in heavenly spheres that made music as they turned. But what lay beyond these spheres? Were there more and more spheres, each larger than its neighbor? Or was the outermost sphere the end of the universe? Aristotle and later philosophers would insist that there could not be an infinite number of nested spheres. With the adoption of this philosophy, the West had no room for infinity or the infinite. They rejected it outright. For the infinite had already begun to gnaw at the roots of Western thought, thanks to Zeno of Elea, a philosopher reckoned by his contemporaries to be the most annoying man in the West.