A force of 1,400 CIA-trained Cuban exiles landed at Cuba’s Bay of Pigs for an assault on Fidel Castro’s government. Cuba’s meager air force, which was supposed to have been wiped out in air strikes that President Kennedy scaled back at the last minute so he could plausibly deny American involvement, strafed the force’s landing boats, and 1,000 survivors made a quick surrender. Kennedy’s advisers saw him weep.

