That brings us back to Behe and Snoke’s conclusion. In their 2004 paper, they argued that generating a single new protein will often require many improbable mutations occurring at once. They took into account the improbability of multiple functionally necessary mutations appearing together—the equivalent of needing to get a Powerball ticket matching several numbers to win any money at all. Then they sought to determine how long it would take and/or how large the population sizes would need to be to generate a new gene via multiple coordinated mutational changes—the genetic equivalent of the
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