Behe and Snoke point out that this observation implies that a series of separate mutations could not generate a ligand binding function in a protein that previously did not have this capacity, since individual amino-acid changes would initially confer no selectable advantage on the protein lacking this function. Instead, evolving ligand binding capability would require multiple coordinated mutations. Behe and Snoke make a similar argument about the requirements for the evolution of protein-to-protein interactions. They note that for proteins to interact with each other in specific ways,
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