Indeed, Darwin himself insisted that “nothing can be effected” by natural selection, “unless favorable variations occur.”20 Or as Danish evolutionary biologist Søren Løvtrup succinctly explains: “Without variation, no selection; without selection, no evolution. This assertion is based on logic of the simplest kind. . . . Selection pressure as an evolutionary agent becomes void of sense unless the availability of the proper mutations is assumed.”21 Yet the “proper” kind of mutations—the mutations that produce favorable changes to early-acting, body-plan–shaping, regulatory genes—do not occur.
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