though many different combinations of amino acids will produce roughly the same protein structure and function, the sequences capable of producing these functional outcomes are still extremely rare. He showed that for every functional 92-amino-acid sequence there are roughly another 1063 nonfunctional sequences of the same length. To put that ratio in perspective, the probability of attaining a correct sequence by random search would roughly equal the probability of a blind spaceman finding a single marked atom by chance among all the atoms in the Milky Way galaxy—on its face clearly not a
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