But John faced a much different kind of discrimination when he entered the job market as a newly minted Ph.D. in 1995. Although he applied to more than 150 academic jobs and had completed several field experiments, he was given only one interview. He later learned that other nearly identical applicants received thirty interviews from just forty or so applications. The main difference between John and these other applicants was that John received his Ph.D. from the University of Wyoming, whereas they had received theirs from “brand-name” schools like Harvard and Princeton. Employers were using
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