There was a natural order to the world, a system that could not be inverted. Taking a life was unnatural, something against the very basic cycle of life and death. An act of such severity tainted the energy around it.
So this is something other works have had as a plot point, too (Harry Potter, for example)—But it is a modern concept. Most of human existence was bloody, and it continues to be in many places today. This idea of killing being "unnatural" is a sentiment only of our recent history. Homo sapiens are just advanced primates; we're animals, too. The difference is that we have higher brain capacity, thus the potential to not act on impulse—but that doesn't mean everyone will.