this subtle and kindly form of control that had, over the course of decades, led to "dependence as a way of life," and so the emergence of narcissism, which in this new climate was not denounced as a pathology but, strangely, heralded as an ideal, an attainment, the state of being that ensured success and approval in the new paternalist order. Thus, Lasch concluded, it is only through
an understanding of the history of this professional and managerial class that we can see "how our current difficulties arose."57
Was there a
